cos is my alias

剑外忽传收蓟北， 　　初闻涕泪满衣裳。

却看妻子愁何在， 　　漫卷诗书喜欲狂。

白日放歌须纵酒，　　青春作伴好还乡。

即从巴峡穿巫峡，　　便下襄阳向洛阳。

今天和老公去中介看了看房子。房子一下子出来了很多，各个中介的墙面都挂不下了。以前一直都在说没有房子，还以为是真的。猛然间出来这么多，就知道有多少人曾经想把房子篡在手里，看我们这些没有房子的人站在大街上绝望而无助地哭泣。前些天开两会，似乎还有房地产界的人在试探政府的口气：上海房价好长时间没有涨了。他们真的是撑不死啊，还想把所有的财富都往自己身上堆，也不怕压死，也不怕我们这些买不起房子的人一生一世的血汗把他们淹死。好在俞某人说了句：不能再涨了，买不起啊。才知道啊，有点晚，但晚也是个救世主啊。那些黄世仁似的地主，终于意识到房子不是聚宝盆，不能聚敛财富，现在成了烫手山芋，恨不得一时三刻就把房子扔出手去。

是啊，房子本身不会创造财富，同样的一套房子，一年时间便三四十万，五六十万，甚至成百万地涨。不说是原来的底数了，就是涨得这些价钱，都把我们这辈子的血汗化为乌有了。真有聚宝盆，也达不成这样的效果吧。可惜房子终究不是聚宝盆，不仅不能创造财富，还越用越旧，这样轮番地涨价，不过是那些黄世仁炸干穷人的一种伎俩而已，等解放军一来，觉悟的人们认识在背后隐藏的那些丑恶，觉醒了无房者在这场斗争中丢失的只是锁链，他们所获得的将是整个世界。而那些乘着房价上涨而越吹越大的泡沫在天空得意洋洋地看着自己越来越高，越来越伟大的黄世仁们，那些地产佬们，终于会随着太阳的升起，把泡沫吹破，把自己跌得死无葬身之地。

今天真的开心啊，突然就想起杜甫的这首诗，锣鼓敲起来，秧歌纽起来，为受房产压迫的房奴欢歌吧！为那些暴力的地产商送葬吧。

让房价跌得更得猛烈些吧

Today, I received a note on Pajek from a fellow student. other fellow student asked him some questions on the pajek, then he wrote a small document to answer the question. my supervisor thought this may be useful to me, so he suggested to send me either.

Though I have not met these questions, as a supervisor, he know what's in front of me, I have to study it now. thanks these felllow students, though we are not under one roof, we scatter around the world, but with a same research interesting, we gather ourself.

Today, I received a call from American. my young sister Zhengzhong called me for the news year, we  have talked about our classmates, three of us lives seperately from our husbands, I remember someone had told me that it is a fashion.but I wish love will find its way

A year's plan starts with spring, yes it is the time to make a plan what you want to do in the new year.

I like to make my plan public,... since I am very young, because definately I would change my mind if I can not reach the destination. because no one know your plan in your mind, so you have a big excuse to change your mind, then it reduce your motivation to finish your plan. but if you make your plan public, you have no choice but practice it step by step.

yes, it is a new year, just beginning in the front of my leg, to what extent I make it to myself is decided by the future and by what I will do in the year. today, I wrote some words in a paper intuitively, definately, it is my biggest two wished of the new year: in academic research, finish my doctoral thesis, and finish two articles that cooperated with others(which I hope will be finished in the first half year); in family, hope my son can enter into a good junior middle school. 

the biggest wish in the year, I didn't write it down, it curved itself in my heart for a very long time, it is about estate price, please down and down, give my son and myself a space to live in.

I just hope the two wishes will be fulfilled in the end of the year

坐在这里，心里死活也安静不下来。明天除夕，后天大年，再后，新年就要开始了，新的希望，新的生活，新的一切，。。。。。。

只是生活总是连续地，并不因为人为的化开，就真的可以把前后两个阶段分开。很多事情也并不因为今年的结束而真的结束，还要延续到新的一年，不管你愿意不愿意，生活也是扬弃，但生活的扬弃也有自己的规则，不是你想放弃就可以放弃，也不是你想继承就继承的。而你所能做的，就只是尽量坚持自己所应该坚持的，直至这些东西最终实现。

比方，我必须要写出一个研究纲要出来。这比我想象得要难得多，但我不能放弃，我必须要把他坚持下去。否则，支撑自己生命的动力在什么地方？

这两天读了八篇文章，这八篇文章都是有关一个新提出的概念。先是一个人提出一个概念描述，然后有些人开始批驳，并力图提出一个更好的能够抓住这个概念特征的概念描述，后来又有人把他们的概念综合起来，发现这些概念其实质存在某种内在联系的，就和原先两个争得不可开交的人沟通了一下，三个人达成了协议，共同阐述了其间的关系，说来能达到这种程度真的不是那么容易的，只是我总觉得他们所达成的协议，最终还是没有阐述清楚这个概念，但要我来阐述清楚，我至少现在还是无能为力。。。。。。

开拓者吧，真的不容易，我希望有人比我更聪明，有一天能够更清楚地阐述这个概念。向后来者致敬。

Today I tried to sense how a man become something. I persued article by my supervisor Robert Fairthorne and the empirical power law. tell the truth, I never know such a man that existed in the textbook. I had never been a good information student, as a matter of fact I hate information science which I had thought it was not a science. but I have to read the articles which were assigned by my supervisor, so I know the Robert Fairthorne today and tried to find an answer who he is.

In White HD's eyes, he is one of 39 leading informetion scientists. with close relation to Brooks and Goffman, he made himself salient by his work Empirical hyperbolic distributions (Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot) for bibliometric description and prediction, which have been cited 104 in Web of science, even now the article still was cited by information scientists. but he just wrote 45 article in all his life, and only 12 article had be cited......

so, sometimes only one piece of work make you something.....

前些天老师让我翻译一篇成邦文老师的文章，我花了三天时间翻译出来，老师后来夸我说我用得英语很decent，心里高兴了很长一段时间。此文中有些公式是从原文中拍照拍过来的，可能贴不到这里来，但我所翻译的英语都还在这里。有兴趣的朋友可以查看原文。

There are three methods to analyze the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index: Geometric method, Curve fitting, and distribution function. In this paper, we use distribution function to analyze Lorenz and Gini index.

We mainly focus on the properties and characteristic of Lorenz curve and the methods that Gini index is calculated if the data are fitting to Logarithm normal distribution.

The results from the concerned investigation suggest that the social or economical absolute magnitude indicators fit to logarithm normal distribution, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test also confirms the goodness of fit. And Lorenz curve and Gini index are often used to analyze the magnitude indicator, so it is necessary to investigate Lorenz Curve and Gini index under condition of the Logarithm normal distribution

Firstly the author proofs that Lorenz curve and Gini index under condition of tLogarithm normal distribution are decided by  the standard deviation of

Proof:

F(x) f(x) are distribution function and density function of the social or economical absolute magnitude indicators , then by definition, abscissa P of any point D(P, L) in the Lorenz curve P(D) is F(x)

and ordinate L of any point D(P, L) in the Lorenz curve L(D) =

E is mathematic expectation of , we assume  and is mean and variance of ln  then under the condition of logarithm normal distribution.

We assume

Then abscissa P of any point D(P, L) in the Lorenz curve P(D) and ordinate L of any point D(P, L) in the Lorenz curve L(D) are

By definition, Gini index of this Lorenz curve is

We can see that the Lorenz and Gini index are decided by  

Secondly the property of Lorenz curve

(1), Lorenz Curve and Gini index are absolutely decidec by . It also means one value of  decided one Lorenz curve and it Gini index.

(2) The Lorenz curve is symmetrical around axis BC (I don’t write the proof, if you need the proof, I will type it later)

(3) if E is crosspoint of Lorenz curve and BC, then the tangent passing E is parallel to OA

Thirdly, author calculate Gini index in different value of  using numerical analysis,

Then value of  is key factor to determines the Gini index, the author use two methods to evaluate

(1) stochastic variable is given by x₁ x₂ ,…,x_n  then we evaluate  by formula 13

We can use SPSS to calculate value of , and test if the x₁ x₂ ,…,x_n  fit logarithm normal distribution. If fit, then we can evaluate  and table 5 to calculate Gini index. If the data do not fit logarithm normal distribution, in theoretical meaning the data is not very accurate.

(2) Stochastic variable  is given by group data which connect with each other. If there are m groups, the mean of each group data is x₁ x₂ ,…,x_m, and there are N₁ N₂ ,…, N_m samples in each group, N= N₁+ N₂+ …+ N_{m ,} v_i = N_i/N, then we can evaluate  by formula 14

Fourthly author give some empirical study and comparable study, the result proof this method discuss in the paper is correct

昨天馆里进行业务培训学习，学习的内容是有关清华大学对我馆读者满意度的一个调查报告。在所有的指标里，只有一个是负的，那就是学科服务，而这个服务所在的部门在我馆考核当中，却是一等，是最好的。禁不住想了很多。

评价当代人，或者当事人，总有些人情世故或者潜规则，但这些东西能支撑多久，又能支撑多远呢？历史总以自己的脚步在说话。。。。。。

终于，老师说it is a nice piece of work.好像从暑假开始，老师似乎就很讨厌我的工作，有一次他甚至说：why do you annoy me with such work? 弄得我很没有信心继续下去，几乎想放弃研究工作。

想来对一个事物的研究真的是很难，暑假的时候把东西给他，从自己的角度而言，总觉得似乎很好了。但其实那时候自己还是没有弄懂这个事物的本质属性，所以，论述起来自然也就没有深度，甚至有些地方完全是基于自己的幻想，所以对自己的批评是完全正确的。

但那时候我自己没有认识到，百思不得其解。但东西放开一段时间，也幸亏那段时间让我做做装订的活计，感觉生活真的好无望，所以，脑袋就加大了马力，想啊想的，终于明白其中内在的逻辑联系。也才搞清楚其中所蕴藏的意义来。

当然，老师还没有把最终的批改给我，我想到时候肯定要进行大的修改，毕竟他是这篇文章的思想源头，而且，和老师一起修改几篇文章，文章大多都是这样修改出来的，自己觉得很好的东西，经别人一指出，才发现有那么大的漏洞，所以，很期待老师的批改意见。

又一茬leader上任了。布什任总统的历史使命结束了。看到网络上人们对他的评论，是是非非，很透彻。感觉布什是一个活生生的人，因而也感觉很亲切。

在中国，好像所有的领导人都是英明的，如神明一样不可冒犯。冒犯了，厄运就会潜伏在某个角落等待着你。。。。。。唉，其实都是人，怎么可能没有错误，怎么就不能让人评点一番呢？布什自己也说，功过最终都是由历史给出的，而他的功过，人们说还取决去中东民主的进程。。。。。。在中国领导的功过也是由历史给出的，当权势不在，一切恢复原本的面貌时，人们给出丑陋的评价时，或者他在天有灵，会感慨一下，我怎么没有让人给我指出呢？

昨天梦到河边有一排很粗壮的树，梦到一个老人告诉我说：树的种子有很强的生命力，多么恶劣的环境都会保持自己的生命力。还说在前面不远处，就有一颗参天大树，就是由这么一种种子萌发而长成的。

元旦前夜，我也做了一个梦：梦到在舅舅家的后院里，长了很多桃树。上面结满了晶莹剔透的桃子，黄澄澄的，还泛着红，有人摘了几个，我问他要了回来。。。。。。

很好的梦，希望有好兆头。希望来年能有所收获。

一直以为自己是群居动物，所以，很怕和朋友分离。刚刚参加工作的时候，单身，每年都回家和父母一起过年，离开了朋友，心里便有点不是滋味。但每当年夜，一边包饺子，一边看春节联欢晚会的时候，就感觉好普天下的中国人都在看春晚，包饺子，就感觉和朋友们在一起了，所以，从工作开始到现在，不管多忙，都一直在年夜看春晚，包饺子。

单位的联欢我也喜欢参加，记得那年生孩子，休产假，我还特意去参加了。来上海工作这是第四个年头，一直感觉欢乐是他们的，我什么也没有。

记得第一个联欢晚会，我正在申请去国外进修，时间很紧。在联欢会的空档，让馆长审阅材料，签字。想来真的不好意思，难得馆长有时间享受一下，却让我打搅了，现在都觉得不好意思。第二个春节晚会的时候，正是我难过的时候，感觉暗无天日，前面一片灰暗，不知道该往什么地方去。看着别人唱歌跳舞，不由自主悲从中来，就那么从头哭到尾。第三个春节晚会的时候，刚刚聘好新的单位，心里很失落，没有参加联欢晚会。。。。。

这是第四个联欢晚会，诗豪大姐是总导演，安排我一个场记的工作。给大家发东西，很不错的差使，能给大家带来快乐。同时也给大家送去新年祝福，大家的欢乐也感染了我。能为大家做事情，能给大家带去快乐，多好啊。后来，诗豪大姐还特意给我要了一个牛娃娃，说牛年，一定要祝自己牛起来。。。。。。

所以，今年，欢乐是他们的，我.......也掺乎了一下

前一段时间和一个同事竞聘一个岗位。她一直在做那个岗位，所以，她成功了。诗豪大姐向她祝贺的时候，特意拉住我，要我向她学习。我知道诗豪大姐的好意，因为竞争难免会产生敌意，诗豪大姐希望我们能化解敌意。从心底来说，我从来没有对她产生过敌意，每个人都有自己的机遇，也有自己的发展路径，此路不通，一定有另一条专为你开辟的路存在。我一向这样认为，When God shuts a door, somewhere he opens a windon for you,  所以，从心底而言，确实没有敌意存在。只是大家会有一种看法，觉得竞聘中你失败了，会用那种同情的目光看你，让你觉得很不受用。

今天问了她一句英语怎么翻译，她特意跑到我办公室来告诉我。其实，那句话很简单，只是我理解不了上下文之间的关系，觉得这句话放在哪里怪怪的，她的坚定让我解除了怀疑。放下原文，在脑袋里回想了全文的意思，终于在逻辑上明白这句话如何把全文贯穿起来。学习的时候很需要讨论，有时候闷头看书，并不能发现其中的逻辑，而讨论却能帮助你理情内在的关联。而讨论的时候难免会有些争论，争论的时候又有高下之分，难免会有些不服输的心理什么的。。。。。。其实，没有什么输赢，这是共赢，学习的时候，通过争论把问题搞得清清楚楚，只是增加了双方的知识，对方理解比你正确，你却从对方那里学到知识了。

把自己看得低一些，再低一些，才能学到知识。

听说，一个同事的老公辞了同济大学系主任的职务，到另外一所大学里做老师去了。人们说是因为钱，听说他是从那所大学里读的博士，刚开始的时候还没有应聘成功，后来走了关系才成功的。

这是我来同济大学后所知道的第二个辞职的领导，先前的那个是一个学院的副书记。我和他恰好在他要辞职的时候认识，初相识的人，大家知道的，不设防。所以，他辞职的内幕，我知道得很清楚。

人们都说他们没有处理好关系。。。。。。

关系在中国有特别的意义，今天和一个同事商量一件事情，她一开口就问你有关系吧？好像只有关系才能做成事情，没有关系，在中国，人们总觉得你什么也做不成。是呀，事情总是在各种各样的关系间运作起来的，但，似乎本末倒置了，关系应该围绕着事情运转，而不是事情围绕着关系运作，所以，。。。。。。

什么时候，能把这种关系正过来，可能关系就真的有些价值了。 毕竟关系维系地是利益，而不是真诚的友谊，更不能靠关系取得什么成就，而事情却可以，做成一件事情，大事情能取得大成就，小事情能取得小成就。当然，坏事情却只能劳民伤财。。。。。。

乱弹而已

朋友，那个因为房子和男友分手的朋友，在哭了三个月后，终于又和男朋友和好了。经过这场风波，她更懂得珍惜、懂得体谅、懂得爱......也懂得如何在困境中互相支持互相坚守，也明白这种支持和坚守对生活甚至于对生命的意义。

如往年一样，她请我去看贺岁大片《非诚勿扰》。我们笑得很开心，很久没有这么抑制不住地笑过了。笑之余，我们都为那种生命中的各种各样的坚守而感动。回来的时候我在她的推荐下给小儿买了一些特价衣服。小儿正是长身体的时候，几乎所有的衣服都小了。一个冬天了，就那么将就地穿着，因为我实在没有时间出去给他买，小儿体谅妈妈，没有要求过什么，总是自己想办法在现有的衣服想办法给自己穿得暖和一点。

我们看电影的地方离太平洋商场很近，朋友已经知道地下二层有个特价活动，我就带孩子去了。商场的阿姨很喜欢小儿，给他推荐了一件羽绒服，因为颜色有点淡，小儿又比较淘气，我就有点犹豫。小儿拉过我，悄声给我说：妈妈，我没有羽绒服唉。我就给他买了。顺带买了几件小儿喜欢的其他衣服，以弥补一个冬天没有给他买衣服的遗憾。小儿很高兴，便就给他爸爸发消息说让他务必给孩子买170的衣服，否则，孩子后半年又没有衣服穿了。

结果他爸爸已经给孩子买了165的衣服了，让他去换，他如以前一样找理由，他生性不和人打交道，遇到这种事情就知道往后缩，弄得我很反感，就说了些难听的话，他打过来电话也不听。等忙完家务才给他发消息，结果他一直不回消息，打电话老说无人接听，就以为我说话重了，他想不开，一个人到外面喝闷酒或者。。。。。。

心忽悠一下就提起来了，很担心他，就一直给他打电话，一直没有人接听。没有办法就给哥哥家打了个电话，让哥哥找找那边认识的人，万一他想不开，也好救一下，然后就一直打他电话，打到我的手机没有电了，充电器在办公室里放着，早上五点多就到办公楼前等有人开门进去充电，好能收到他的消息。这期间想了很多，想他虽然有这样那样的不足，想他虽然不好和人交往，但总想着给我和孩子最好的，想着自己说那些难听的话，如果他真的出了什么事情，我怎么面对此后的人生。。。。。。

到六点忽然收到他的消息：一切好。原来他早早就睡了，并没有想很多，直到早上才看到我发的消息和打了一个晚上的电话。一直因为这么长时间不在一起，对他的失望已经埋没了所有，一直以为对他很淡漠了。。。。。。才知道原来他还是自己的一部分。这么多年了，孩子都已经12岁了，尽管生活中有种种不如意的地方，尽管感情已经淡得没有一点滋味了，在生命深处，我们一如既往地珍惜着对方。毕竟曾经经历过那么多，彼此都是彼此的一部分。

珍惜所有，幸运和不幸，都是命运给自己的财富；生活真的不容易，给对方以支持、以鼓励、以宽容、以谅解，我们才能在艰苦中，有更多的勇气开拓更为丰富的人生。

先前老听人说Introduction难写，这次才算是领教了，这些天看了八篇文章，才写了如下几行：

the dominance interaction often result in the power or privilege and authority in a system. so it not only affects in the properties of individual, such as strength of the individual(Hillebrand, 2008) or identifying the self(Tappan, 2005) or interact on the others, but also mediates the function of the whole system, such as distribution of traits and the directionand dynamics of the evolving process() and the consequese spacial and temporal structure(Goessmann,2000)

要把一个概念从数学上说透，真的不容易，而说透了，看起来就很容易了，人们或许会想：这么简单的东西，怎么自己当初没有想到呢？

Dominance interactions in real animals consist of competitive interactions about nearby resources (such as food, mates and spatial location), but seem not always motivated by competition for immediate resources and some interactions are considered part of a kind of long-term ‘power’ struggle. In the model, these two types of dominance interactions are not distinguished and resources are unspecified. Dominance interactions may be initiated when agents encounter each other nearby, but happen only if the perceived risk of defeat is low [in the so-called risk sensitive behaviour, 19]. Interactions between agents are modelled after Hogeweg [24] and Hemelrijk [19], as follows: Each agent has a variable that is called ‘Dom’ (= dominance, representing the capacity to win an interaction). After meeting one another in their PerSpace, agents ‘decide’ whether or not to attack following the Risk-Sensitive system. Here, the probability to attack decreases according to the risk of defeat as follows. Upon meeting another agent and observing its Dom-value, an agent may foresee it will win or lose on the basis of a ‘mental’ battle, which follows the rules of a dominance interaction as described below. If ego loses the mental interaction, it will refrain from action (thus displaying ‘nonaggressive’ proximity). If it wins the mental battle, it will start a ‘real’ dominance interaction.If an actual dominance interaction takes place, then agents display and observe each other’s Dom. Subsequent winning and losing is determined by chance and values of Dom as follows :

小儿终于取得了数学竞赛的三等奖。

他早就知道这个消息，一直没有告诉我。说是怕他自己因为骄傲而考不好期末考试，所以等考完后连同他不错的期末考试成绩一起告诉了我。

之前似乎他暗示过我有好消息要告诉我，但一直没有具体说明。很难得，这么小的孩子，应该是最沉不住气的时候，没有想到他竟然能沉住气，一直等到该等到的时候再告诉我。

一直很抱愧于孩子，自己一直沉溺于学习和工作，对孩子不够经心。孩子反而经常照顾我。二年级孩子刚来上海的时候曾受学校推荐去考少科站的数学竞赛辅导班。推荐去的学生只有他自己一个人没有过，我给那个学校的老师打了很多电话，说明孩子刚来上海的情况，他们还是说要孩子学习半年后再去他们那里上学。这在以经济利益主导的社会里真的是有点不正常，我还是反复打，他们最终拗不过我，就让孩子去上了，孩子先是C班，半年后转到B班。但那个地方离家里很远，星期六和星期六我和他爸爸都做得兼职，没有时间送他，第二年就退了这个班。当时他们老师觉得很可惜，说孩子潜质很好，下学期就转A班，上了A班，拿杯就有希望了。但当时以为是老师的说辞，觉得老师不过是为了赚点学费，就把孩子转到他们自己的学校里了。

后来孩子一直没有拿上奖。尤其是去年，该考虑孩子上学的事情了，就一直觉得很对不起孩子。今年孩子拿上奖了，心理多少有些欣慰。毕竟孩子在我没有经心培养的情况下凭借自己的努力得来的，虽然他可能还更好一些。。。。。

真的很感谢孩子。这半年一个人带孩子，别人都说我辛苦，实际上是孩子懂事，自己照顾自己的学习，有时间还照顾妈妈。和他爸爸两地分居后，孩子为了维护我们这个家，让爸爸远在异地还能感受到家庭的气息，在网上建立一个博客，天天写日志，说说他幼小的心灵所感知的世界，给他失落的爸爸以莫大的支持。如果没有这个博客，没有孩子给他的支持，我真的不知道他爸爸在失败中能否振作起来。。。。。十岁的孩子，正是在父母怀里撒娇的年龄，他却承担起支持父母维护家庭的责任，也是生活的磨难赋予他的财富吧。

他的博客：http://xiaoquaner.blogbus.com/, 朋友们有空的时候，去看看，支持一下孩子

科研论文奖励办法终于出来了。比预定出来的时间晚了两年。与我自己而言，是损失了一些，但总归出来了，尽管额度不高，但至少是对科研工作的支持吧。

 一直不是很明白为什么奖励科研工作的政策会出不来，按这项政策出来的背景分析，原来是有人认为科研工作和我们图书馆业务不打架，人们搞科研工作会影响图书馆业务工作的开展，这种逻辑，是不是有点匪夷所思？ 

 幸亏我今年的工作还做得不错，按照职责，我今年要给馆里提供一份期刊利用报告。馆里评价说这份报告从期刊利用的角度提出的期刊订购和管理方案，很有参考价值，切实提高了图书馆的工作业务素质……如果我做得不好的，这项政策是不是还出不来?科研促进社会发展，促进事业发展，这种逻辑还需要证明吗？

当然，为了升职称而拼凑的论文确实没有什么价值，耽误了时间，也浪费了精力，确实于事业无益。所以，在中国，还需要有真正的科研工作态度啊。

The fighting behavior of clawed decapod crustaceans has attracted considerable interest due to onspicuous visual displays and potentially lethal weaponry. In most instances, a meeting between two lobsters or crayfish of similar size leads to agonistic interactions, which progressively escalate until one of the opponents withdraws. A typical escalation advances through several stages of fight intensity, beginning with threat displays, ritualized aggression, and restrained use of the claws, through to brief periods of unrestrained combat. Fighting success depends on a variety of factors, such as physical superiority, dietary effects, molt stage, behavioral strategies, knowledge of resource value, and social experiences such as isolation, prior residence, or previous agonistic encounters

Established dominance relationships between opponents produce a lasting polarity in the outcome of agonistic bouts. Individual recognition, an important mechanism underlying dominance in vertebrates, produces learned pair-wise relationships. Although some decapods may communicate dominance in this manner, a recognition of aggressive state undoubtedly represents the more common mechanism. At a group level, dyadic relationships combine to form dominance hierarchies which have generally been found to be stable and near linear in most taxa. An ability to dominate is commonly attributed to relatively fixed individual characteristics, including body size and innate aggressive state. Although such characteristics may play important roles if they vary greatly between individuals, their importance is commonly overshadowed by contextual factors and chance events. Individuals frequently assume different ranks when identical groups are repeatedly reconstituted. Furthermore, final social status is strongly contingent upon the order in which individuals are added to the group. A central role appears to be played by social conditioning, where recent winners become more likely to win a subsequent fight，and the chances for future success are reduced in previous losers. Such winner/loser effects, along with evidence for their underlying physiological mechanisms, have been empirically demonstrated in many taxa. 

Theoretical model suggest that a repeated application of such a mechanism among initially identical entities will lead to the formation of linear hierarchies through self-assembly. Thus animals losing to an opponent early in hierarchy formation may likely achieve only relatively low ranks, while winning early encounters may predispose individuals to obtain more dominant positions. In some taxa, rank appears to be determined by the incidence of fighting itself rather than by its outcome. Computer models, in which entities perform self-reinforcing dominance interactions, indicate that the stability of a hierarchy is an automatic consequence of feedback between spatial structure and the polarization of hierarchical positions. With the differentiation of ranks, some individuals become permanent losers. As these individuals flee from all others, the group spaces out and the frequency of aggression decreases. Due to increased risks of injury, initiations of attach decline further in these animals, decreasing their opportunities for a rank reversal. A comparison of different offensive strategies demonstrated that a “risk-sensitive strategy” (i.e. increased attacks on opponents with lower rank) will increase the degree of unidirectionality of attack as hierarchies differentiate. In contrast an ambiguity-reducing strategy” where individuals preferentially attack opponents of close rank will not lead to such an increase. Self-reinforcing effects of winning and losing may also affect by-standers. For example, winners may subsequently dominate unrelated third individuals nearby(double dominance) and losers may submit to by-standers(double subordinance). Sequential patterns of this kind have been observed in social systems with predominant linearity of ranks.

We explored the complex dynamic processes acting during hierarchy formation in crayfish. In this system, timing and frequency of stereotyped component behaviors, their temporal structure, decision delineating different fighting strategies, and the eventual outcome of bouts can be quantified reliably. In five groups of juvenile crayfish we determined specifically:

(1) whether frequency and intensity of fighting decline over time; (2) in what way hierarchies differentiate, stabilize, and become linear;(3 ) to what extent first encounters affect subsequent fighting and final rank;(4) which particular attack strategies (ambiguity reducing or risk sensitive) are used, and (5 ) the behavioral correlates of rank. These results will be used to generate hypotheses about proximate, neurochemical processes which presumably are an integral part of such a behavioral system.

部门领导特意打来电话，说你做得工作做得不错，上层领导都很肯定你的工作，说你的工作确实能够提高图书馆工作业务素质，很有参考价值。汇报给我的顶头上司——诗豪大姐，她兜头就问：有什么用？就这么口头表达一下？这种表扬对你也没有作用，对我们部门也没有作用。

我无语，与我自己而言，辛苦一年，领导能够承认，感觉就很好，尽管这个工作自己不是很满意，但有表扬总比没有表扬好。只是诗豪大姐说得也不错，这一年工作在诗豪大姐的统筹安排下展开，期刊工作室所有的同志都付出了艰辛的工作，没有他们的配合，工作不可能开展起来。而领导只肯定我的工作，而没有肯定我们期刊室的工作人员的工作，下一年他们还会这么辛苦地做一些他们工作范围之外的事情吗？所以，就斗胆给馆领导要求了一下，希望多少有点效果，哪怕一人只给10元钱呢，明年他们还要围绕着开放获取方式下的科研活动进行学习呢。

Today, I received a letter from my supervisors, he told me that he made a good progress in his research with other, I can sense his happyness. for a scientist like him, a discovery is the happiest thing in the world, for me, what can make me happy? why do I always annoy myself with the unhappy thing in the life that I can not control?

indulge myself in the research no matter what happen in the life.

小儿这两天复习得很辛苦，他的英语老师要求他和另外一些人要考到一百分，否则的话，要扣他们10张小红花之类的东西。被老师期望，儿子觉得很荣幸，所以，学习很是用功。坐在我旁边，很认真地复习，把以前做错的都看了一篇，还很认真地抄写下来。

前两天看到武夷山老师的博客，说逆境如何激励他学习，获得了更多更深的学习能力。想起来，也有些类似的经历：

记得高一时上数学课，老师叫我和另外一个同学上讲台做一道题。当时，刚刚在课堂上打了个盹，全然不知怎么回事，老师叫就上讲台就上了。记得还问了老师是那道，老师告诉我了，神情鄙夷不鄙夷我记得不是很清楚了。题目确实不会做，但在讲台上看看前面的例题，竟然做出来了。走下讲台的时候，老师说了一句：像余弦这样上课睡觉是可以的，但像江平这样上课睡觉就不可以。才知道老师原来是想出出我们两个在课堂上睡觉的人的洋相。一时间课堂上的男同学就：cos, cos怪叫起来。我的绰号cos也就从背后叫到了台前。高中时，老师叫学生的名字不连姓，而我的名字和这个三角函数谐音，早就被男同学当做我的绰号叫开了。正是情窦初开的年纪，喜欢有灵性的女孩也很正常，那时候程淋有一首采榆钱的歌很流行，其中有一句歌词是采回了榆钱过家家，男同学就把这首歌改为采回了余弦过家家......

那时候正是年轻气傲的时候，经常被人夸奖有灵性，聪明，就认为自己真的很聪明。那时候，我校高二的一个学生参加数学竞赛，得了二等奖，这在我们这样一个农村的县级中学的每个学生心理都引起了轩然大波，大概都跃跃欲试起来，我也不例外。恰好因为这件事，上级多给我校几个参赛名额，高一那年暑假，学校就从各个班级里面选前10名（农村的县级中学，一个班里有70多个学生）学生辅导备考。 但老师没有从数学和物理成绩里选，而是按总成绩排名选人，我恰好是11名，就被排除在外。这对自持聪明又跃跃欲试的人是多么大的打击，又是怎么样的伤害了我的自尊，是可以想见的。班里有同学没有选上，还是厚着脸皮去听的，是个女同学，她在这期间受到一个男同学的亲睐，相爱并最终成为一对佳侣。

我没有去。整整一个暑假，我就躲在家里看高二和高三的数理化。我还记得当时那个场景。那时候家里有南北两面房子，在农村是很少见的，一般农村南面不盖房子的，我家是风水先生点化过，特意盖了南房，还按照风水先生的意思，在北面留了大门。因为北面有房子，只好从北房正当中穿出门来。 想来是极不合理的一件事情，好好的一间房子成了过道。但据风水先生说，这样有利于庭院里男丁兴旺。

但恰好，这个门洞有穿堂风，我家又在后巷，僻静得很，那年暑假，我就躲在这个门洞里，看高二和高三的数理化，一个暑假过去，竟然把高中的课本都看完了。记得父亲看到一向不着家的我那么老实地呆在家里，很怕我闷出什么精神疾病来，经常督促我出去玩。那个假期也让我的自学能力提高了很多，让我在以后高二和高三能够轻松地学习，并以高考全班第一的成绩顺利跨入大学，对我的一生都产生了极大的影响。

我们那一届没有人再取得竞赛名次，甚至好像连选拔赛都没有人通过。但那年的辅导选拔没有选拔上我，却扎扎实实地成就了我。

Yuxian Liu^1,2 and Ronald Rousseau^3,4,5

 Abstract The structure of time series in citation analysis is revealed, using an adapted form of the Frandsen-Rousseau notation. Special cases where this approach can be used include time series of impact factors and time series of h-indices, or h-type indices. This leads to a tool to study the dynamic aspects of citation analysis. Time series of h-indices are calculated in some specific models.  Keywords: time series, citation analysis, h-index, impact factors
 1. Introduction 

We began this investigation when we realized that the study of the evolution of the h-index, h-type indicators and more generally citation indicators is a topic not yet fully addressed. Hirsch (2005) claimed that the life time achievement h-index of a scientist grows linearly in time and provided some evidence. By and large this evidence was corroborated by Kelly and Jennions (2006). Yet, as one needs more and more citations to attain a one-point higher h-index (the minimum number of citations needed for an h-index equal to h is h², hence for an increase by one point, from h to h+1, 2h+1 new citations are necessary) it seems intuitively clear that the growth of a scientist’s h-index should follow a concavely increasing curve as predicted by the Egghe-Rousseau power model (2006). Is Hirsch nevertheless correct and if so, why? This problem will not be addressed in this article, but, as a first step, we intend to provide precise definitions of time series for h-indices. Such definitions are necessary to avoid possible confusion. We provide a general scheme and notation for indicating exactly which time series is studied. Time series are used to better understand the underlying mechanism that produces them. They can also be used in forecasting. This aspect is interesting in the framework of research evaluation: how will a scientist or research group most likely perform in the future? Of course, the first question is: is this type of time series capable of predicting features that lie in the future? This question has been studied recently by Hirsch (2007) who found that the h-index series (our type 5, see further) is indeed a good predictor for future scientific achievements. When we started writing this contribution it became soon clear that in a similar way as for h-indices time series for journal impact factors can be defined. As there already exists a precise notation for all types of impact factors (Frandsen & Rousseau, 2005) we adapt it to the topic studied in this contribution.  The article is organized as follows. The next section introduces the adaptation of the notations used by Frandsen and Rousseau (2005). Then time series of citation data, based on a publication-citation matrix (in short: p-c matrix) are defined and discussed in sections 3 and 4. These two sections contain the essential ideas of this article. Sections 5 and 6 focus on the h-index, presenting different time series of h-indices for two very simple models. We conclude in section 7.

  2. The adapted Frandsen-Rousseau notation for publication and citation indicator calculations

 We assume that the focus is on one set of articles. This set can be a scientist’s research record, a journal, as in most examples, but it can also be the set of all journals in one particular field, or even all journals in a database. For this journal or scientist we intend to calculate an impact factor or an h-index (or a similar indicator). It might seem somewhat odd (and in practice not recommended) to calculate a person’s impact factor, but, as long as this person publishes at least one article a year this is formally possible, and if the scientist does not publish that year the corresponding impact is naturally zero. Consider a p-c matrix (Ingwersen et al., 2001) consisting of N publication years, from year Y to year Y+N-1 (the columns) and M citation years, from year Y to year Y+M-1 (the rows). Hence the p-c matrix is a MxN-matrix. In theory a p-c matrix can be infinitely long in the two dimensions but we will stick to the realistic case of a matrix with a finite number of rows and columns, even when this makes some formulations somewhat complicated. In this article the words series and sequence will be used as synonyms. We only consider empirical data sets and do not consider probabilistic p-c models as studied in e.g. (Glänzel, 2004). In (Frandsen & Rousseau, 2005) a framework for describing general impact factors has been introduced, yet in its original form this framework cannot be used and an adaptation is necessary (we thank Leo Egghe for pointing this out to us). Consequently, the following quadruple is used instead: (Y_p, n_p, Y_c,q, n_c,q), where Y_p is the first year of the publication period;n_p denotes the length of the publication period;Y_c,q is the first year (= oldest year) of the citation period for the q^th               publication year; q = 1, …, n_p, where q = 1 refers to the oldest year              and q = n_p to the most recent year;n_c,q denotes the length of the citation period for the q^th publication year. This quadruple will be referred to as the F-R notation and refers to the elements necessary for the calculation of one h-index or one impact factor. If some publication data fall outside the limits of the p-c matrix the whole calculation is not performed. We assume here that time is considered in steps of one year, but the notation also applies for other time steps. We show how this notation can be used to describe series of impact factors and h-indices alike. Recall that citations are always drawn from a pool, such as the Web of Science, Scopus, a local database such as the Chinese CSCD, or subsets thereof. We will further assume that this pool is known and will not consider this aspect anymore. 

3. Types of time series of citation indicators 

We keep a publication set fixed and study series of citation indicators derived form this set. We define now general time series of indicators and characterize what they say about the set of publications. Time series are of the form , where k is an index ranging from time (year) 1 to some end time. As we consider several time series they are numbered by a superscript between square brackets. Specifics for each case are shown in Table 1. For a general element of the time series (the k^th one) table 1 gives the following elements, in that order, necessary for the calculation of the index: the first year of the publication period (Y_p), the length of the publication period (n_p), the first year of the citation period for the q^th publication year (Y_c,q) and the length of the citation period for the q^th publication year (n_c,q). Hence, for a given p-c matrix a time series is completely determined by a quadruple in the F-R notation. Note that the first, and in general the q^th publication year may differ according to k, the element of the time series considered. If q is not mentioned in Y_c,q or n_c,q this just means that this year or this period does not depend on q, and hence is the same for all q. As we focus on the p-c matrix we do not include in this table the simple time series that uses only one publication year (or one publication) and one citation year for each element in the series, or the corresponding cumulative case (see e.g. Franses, 2003). For completeness sake we just mention that such time series are of the form s_k = (Y_p ,1, Y_c+k-1 ,1), k = 1, …,M-Y_c+Y_p for the case of one citation year; or s_k = (Y_p , 1, Y_c , k), k = 1, …,M-Y_c+Y_p, for the cumulative case, where usually Y_p = Y_c.  Table 1. Characterizations of time series of citation indicators